![]() ![]() To form ionic bonds, Carbon molecules must either gain or lose 4 electrons. For example: carbon does not form ionic bonds because it has 4 valence electrons, half of an octet. In addition, the ionization energy of the atom is too large and the electron affinity of the atom is too small for ionic bonding to occur. Because both atoms have the same affinity for electrons and neither has a tendency to donate them, they share electrons in order to achieve octet configuration and become more stable. If atoms have similar electronegativities (the same affinity for electrons), covalent bonds are most likely to occur. This bonding occurs primarily between nonmetals however, it can also be observed between nonmetals and metals. This type of bonding occurs between two atoms of the same element or of elements close to each other in the periodic table. This phenomenon is due to the opposite charges on each ion.Ĭovalent bonding is the sharing of electrons between atoms. Most ionic compounds tend to dissociate in polar solvents because they are often polar. At the ideal interatomic distance, attraction between these particles releases enough energy to facilitate the reaction. However, this reaction is highly favorable because of the electrostatic attraction between the particles. The predicted overall energy of the ionic bonding process, which includes the ionization energy of the metal and electron affinity of the nonmetal, is usually positive, indicating that the reaction is endothermic and unfavorable. ![]() This chlorine atom receives one electron to achieve its octet configuration, which creates a negatively charged anion. This creates a positively charged cation due to the loss of electron. This sodium molecule donates the lone electron in its valence orbital in order to achieve octet configuration. In ionic bonds, the net charge of the compound must be zero. ![]() The charges on the anion and cation correspond to the number of electrons donated or received. In ionic bonding, more than 1 electron can be donated or received to satisfy the octet rule. Similarly, nonmetals that have close to 8 electrons in their valence shells tend to readily accept electrons to achieve noble gas configuration. By losing those electrons, these metals can achieve noble gas configuration and satisfy the octet rule. Ionic bonding is observed because metals have few electrons in their outer-most orbitals. Ionic bonds require an electron donor, often a metal, and an electron acceptor, a nonmetal. In ionic bonds, the metal loses electrons to become a positively charged cation, whereas the nonmetal accepts those electrons to become a negatively charged anion. It is a type of chemical bond that generates two oppositely charged ions. Ionic bonding is the complete transfer of valence electron(s) between atoms. ![]()
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